---
type: Statutory Article
title: "Article 12 — Scope of obligations for data holders obliged pursuant to Union law to make data available"
description: "The FRAND machinery attaches to new sharing obligations going forward, not retroactively."
resource: "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2023/2854/oj/eng"
tags: ["eu-data-act", "chapter-iii", "scope"]
instrument: eu-data-act
article: 12
chapter: "III"
binds: []
applies_from: 2025-09-12
cross_refs: [8, 9, 50]
attaches_to: []
legal_review: none
generated: { by: claude-code/opus-5.5, at: "2026-10-09T00:00:00Z" }
status: draft
sources:
  - id: eli
    resource: "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2023/2854/oj/eng"
    title: "Regulation (EU) 2023/2854, Official Journal"
  - id: prototype
    resource: "https://github.com/DavidJCrawford/stewardship-explorer/blob/main/src/data/act.json"
    title: "stewardship-explorer act.json (author's summaries, July 2026)"
---

# Precise reading

Ch. III applies to data-sharing obligations under Union law or implementing national measures that enter into force after 12 September 2025.[^eli]

*A faithful summary of the operative demand, not the statutory text.*

# Plain reading

The FRAND machinery attaches to new sharing obligations going forward, not retroactively.

*Paraphrase.*

# Facts

| | |
| --- | --- |
| Chapter | III — [Obligations for Data Holders Obliged to Make Data Available Pursuant to Union Law](/law/eu-data-act/chapters.md) |
| Binds | No party directly; structural. |
| Applies from | 2025-09-12 |
| Cross-references | [Article 8](/law/eu-data-act/articles/article-08.md), [Article 9](/law/eu-data-act/articles/article-09.md), [Article 50](/law/eu-data-act/articles/article-50.md) |
| Where it attaches in the building | Nowhere in the building directly. |

# Rights that rest on it

- None of the seven rights rests on this article directly.

[^eli]: Regulation (EU) 2023/2854, Official Journal